Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
The founder of CBT is Donald Meichenbaum. The "theory combines cognitive strategies designed to modify maladaptive self-talk with knowledge of the developmental manner in which children learn by modeling behavior" (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 345). It examines the relationship between thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The therapist is usually problem focused and goal-directed. Therapists work to change an individuals beliefs which will ultimately change their feelings and behaviors (NAMI).
Goals
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ConceptsCognitive- Behavior Modification - This is the best-known treatment approach that is a form of CBT. It was developed to integrate psychodynamic and cognitive treatment systems. It has three assumptions:
1. Constructive narrative - "People actively construct their own reality" (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 345) 2. Information Processing - "An activating event taps into a person's core cognitions, leading to an unhelpful, inaccurate, and distorted thought" (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 345). This results in negative feelings to which people respond by engaging in harmful behaviors. 3. Conditioning - "Cognitions are viewed as covert behaviors that have been conditioned" (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 345). They can be deconditioned and modified with the helps of rewards and negative consequences. This requires the use of Socratic questioning Learning and self-help are encouraged, and feedback from the client is welcomed |
Techniques
Stress Inoculation Training
-"People experience stress because of a perception that their life circumstances exceed their capacity to cope, or to effectively use 'behavioral and cognitive efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate internal and/or external demands that are created by stressful transactions" (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 347). This training is an approach to reduce that stress.
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Behavioral Activity Therapy
- Increases daily activity to help those with depression. It increases activity, boosts mood, and provides a source of pleasure from which the client can build. Clients chart their progress. This therapy involves scheduling daily activities, monitoring and charting activities, relaxation and skills training, recognizing aversive and avoidant behaviors, and confronting cognitive distortions.
Habit Reversal Training
- Helps people to "recognize tics before they happen, monitor their own behavior during stressful situations, use relaxation techniques, and perform alternative behaviors that are incompatible with the behavior they are trying to extinguish" (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 348).
Exposure
- This is important for people with anxiety disorder. This technique requires the person to be exposed to their fear in order to identify their fear response, maladaptive thoughts, sit with the feeling rather than running away, and achieve a certain amount of control over their feelings. The three types of exposure include: flooding, graduated exposure and systematic desensitization.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
-This is also a form of exposure therapy that focuses on people who have experienced traumatic life events and is used to reduce the negative images and emotions from that experience. It is also useful for anxiety, certain mood disorders, phobias, eating disorders, and conduct disorders.
Problem-Solving Therapy
- This consists of a four step process:
1. Identify the problem
2. Brainstorm alternatives
3. Conduct cost/benefit analysis
4. Monitor and evaluate outcomes
This therapy is used for issues with stress, relationship conflict, anxiety, mood disorders and a variety of other daily life issues.
- Increases daily activity to help those with depression. It increases activity, boosts mood, and provides a source of pleasure from which the client can build. Clients chart their progress. This therapy involves scheduling daily activities, monitoring and charting activities, relaxation and skills training, recognizing aversive and avoidant behaviors, and confronting cognitive distortions.
Habit Reversal Training
- Helps people to "recognize tics before they happen, monitor their own behavior during stressful situations, use relaxation techniques, and perform alternative behaviors that are incompatible with the behavior they are trying to extinguish" (Seligman & Reichenberg, 2014, p. 348).
Exposure
- This is important for people with anxiety disorder. This technique requires the person to be exposed to their fear in order to identify their fear response, maladaptive thoughts, sit with the feeling rather than running away, and achieve a certain amount of control over their feelings. The three types of exposure include: flooding, graduated exposure and systematic desensitization.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
-This is also a form of exposure therapy that focuses on people who have experienced traumatic life events and is used to reduce the negative images and emotions from that experience. It is also useful for anxiety, certain mood disorders, phobias, eating disorders, and conduct disorders.
Problem-Solving Therapy
- This consists of a four step process:
1. Identify the problem
2. Brainstorm alternatives
3. Conduct cost/benefit analysis
4. Monitor and evaluate outcomes
This therapy is used for issues with stress, relationship conflict, anxiety, mood disorders and a variety of other daily life issues.
Example
Information provided by:
NAMI. (2014). Treatment and services. Retrieved from http://www.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Inform_Yourself/About_Mental_Illness/About_Treatments_and_Supports/Cognitive_Behavioral_Therapy1.htm.
Seligman, L. & Reichenberg, L. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Systems, strategies, and skills. (4th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
NAMI. (2014). Treatment and services. Retrieved from http://www.nami.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Inform_Yourself/About_Mental_Illness/About_Treatments_and_Supports/Cognitive_Behavioral_Therapy1.htm.
Seligman, L. & Reichenberg, L. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: Systems, strategies, and skills. (4th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.